AOGS Talks 2021

Coral Reefs

Corals are made up of thousands of individual polyps. reefs are very diverse and build up over a very long time. They often occur in equatorial regions. they inhabit nutrient-poor waters. Algae produce the sugars for the coral to allow them to grow. Up to 90% of the material provided by the algae is used by the corals. coral reefs provide services and goods worth 375 billion annually, with their fisheries and tourism, having a huge economic value. They also provide protection against waves and erosion

Coral bleaching, caused by higher temperatures and UV radiation, could cause mass mortality and they would take a long time to recover. Rising sea levels due to higher temperatures would also reduce the light zone, and the corals cannot keep up with it, which would cause them to die even more. Reefs are fragile ecosystems easily affected by change.

Volcanos

In 1883 Krakatoa exploded, causing the loudest-ever sound to be recorded. Volcanos can do lots of damage to infrastructure and people, and so have the potential to do a lot of harm. By detecting the volcano's infrasound, it would allow for the volcano's explosion to be detected before the ash reaches the ground, allowing for the damage to be mitigated.

Infrasound is any sound below a frequency of 20Hz. By being able to detect it, it would allow for the detection of volcanic explosions and the direction it is from. It can travel thousands of kilometers and is not hindered by weather and the time of day.

Space weather

Space weather is caused by the sun. Solar wind takes 4 days to reach the earth, which is longer than the 8 minutes for light. Every 11 years, solar cycles occur, with an increase in the formation of sunspots. Sunspots are energetic regions and increased activity causes solar flares, which could fry electronics and deactivate satellites and power grids due to the high voltage. This could cause a lot of harm with the shutting down of power grids and navigation satellites if mitigation isn't done.

Satellites

Satellites are useful for earth observation, communications, and navigation.

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